dbus-sysdeps-util-unix.c

/* -*- mode: C; c-file-style: "gnu"; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*- */
/* dbus-sysdeps-util-unix.c Would be in dbus-sysdeps-unix.c, but not used in libdbus
 * 
 * Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005  Red Hat, Inc.
 * Copyright (C) 2003 CodeFactory AB
 *
 * Licensed under the Academic Free License version 2.1
 * 
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 * 
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 *
 */

#include <config.h>
#include "dbus-sysdeps.h"
#include "dbus-sysdeps-unix.h"
#include "dbus-internals.h"
#include "dbus-pipe.h"
#include "dbus-protocol.h"
#include "dbus-string.h"
#define DBUS_USERDB_INCLUDES_PRIVATE 1
#include "dbus-userdb.h"
#include "dbus-test.h"

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
#include <sys/resource.h>
#endif
#include <grp.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <syslog.h>

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SYSLIMITS_H
#include <sys/syslimits.h>
#endif

#ifndef O_BINARY
#define O_BINARY 0
#endif

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_become_daemon (const DBusString *pidfile,
                     DBusPipe         *print_pid_pipe,
                     DBusError        *error,
                     dbus_bool_t       keep_umask)
{
  const char *s;
  pid_t child_pid;
  int dev_null_fd;

  _dbus_verbose ("Becoming a daemon...\n");

  _dbus_verbose ("chdir to /\n");
  if (chdir ("/") < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_FAILED,
                      "Could not chdir() to root directory");
      return FALSE;
    }

  _dbus_verbose ("forking...\n");
  switch ((child_pid = fork ()))
    {
    case -1:
      _dbus_verbose ("fork failed\n");
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to fork daemon: %s", _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
      break;

    case 0:
      _dbus_verbose ("in child, closing std file descriptors\n");

      /* silently ignore failures here, if someone
       * doesn't have /dev/null we may as well try
       * to continue anyhow
       */
      
      dev_null_fd = open ("/dev/null", O_RDWR);
      if (dev_null_fd >= 0)
        {
          dup2 (dev_null_fd, 0);
          dup2 (dev_null_fd, 1);
          
          s = _dbus_getenv ("DBUS_DEBUG_OUTPUT");
          if (s == NULL || *s == '\0')
            dup2 (dev_null_fd, 2);
          else
            _dbus_verbose ("keeping stderr open due to DBUS_DEBUG_OUTPUT\n");
          close (dev_null_fd);
        }

      if (!keep_umask)
        {
          /* Get a predictable umask */
          _dbus_verbose ("setting umask\n");
          umask (022);
        }

      _dbus_verbose ("calling setsid()\n");
      if (setsid () == -1)
        _dbus_assert_not_reached ("setsid() failed");
      
      break;

    default:
      if (!_dbus_write_pid_to_file_and_pipe (pidfile, print_pid_pipe,
                                             child_pid, error))
        {
          _dbus_verbose ("pid file or pipe write failed: %s\n",
                         error->message);
          kill (child_pid, SIGTERM);
          return FALSE;
        }

      _dbus_verbose ("parent exiting\n");
      _exit (0);
      break;
    }
  
  return TRUE;
}


static dbus_bool_t
_dbus_write_pid_file (const DBusString *filename,
                      unsigned long     pid,
                      DBusError        *error)
{
  const char *cfilename;
  int fd;
  FILE *f;

  cfilename = _dbus_string_get_const_data (filename);
  
  fd = open (cfilename, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_BINARY, 0644);
  
  if (fd < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to open \"%s\": %s", cfilename,
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  if ((f = fdopen (fd, "w")) == NULL)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to fdopen fd %d: %s", fd, _dbus_strerror (errno));
      _dbus_close (fd, NULL);
      return FALSE;
    }
  
  if (fprintf (f, "%lu\n", pid) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to write to \"%s\": %s", cfilename,
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      
      fclose (f);
      return FALSE;
    }

  if (fclose (f) == EOF)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to close \"%s\": %s", cfilename,
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }
  
  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_write_pid_to_file_and_pipe (const DBusString *pidfile,
                                  DBusPipe         *print_pid_pipe,
                                  dbus_pid_t        pid_to_write,
                                  DBusError        *error)
{
  if (pidfile)
    {
      _dbus_verbose ("writing pid file %s\n", _dbus_string_get_const_data (pidfile));
      if (!_dbus_write_pid_file (pidfile,
                                 pid_to_write,
                                 error))
        {
          _dbus_verbose ("pid file write failed\n");
          _DBUS_ASSERT_ERROR_IS_SET(error);
          return FALSE;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      _dbus_verbose ("No pid file requested\n");
    }

  if (print_pid_pipe != NULL && _dbus_pipe_is_valid (print_pid_pipe))
    {
      DBusString pid;
      int bytes;

      _dbus_verbose ("writing our pid to pipe %d\n",
                     print_pid_pipe->fd);
      
      if (!_dbus_string_init (&pid))
        {
          _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
          return FALSE;
        }
          
      if (!_dbus_string_append_int (&pid, pid_to_write) ||
          !_dbus_string_append (&pid, "\n"))
        {
          _dbus_string_free (&pid);
          _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
          return FALSE;
        }
          
      bytes = _dbus_string_get_length (&pid);
      if (_dbus_pipe_write (print_pid_pipe, &pid, 0, bytes, error) != bytes)
        {
          /* _dbus_pipe_write sets error only on failure, not short write */
          if (error != NULL && !dbus_error_is_set(error))
            {
              dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_FAILED,
                              "Printing message bus PID: did not write enough bytes\n");
            }
          _dbus_string_free (&pid);
          return FALSE;
        }
          
      _dbus_string_free (&pid);
    }
  else
    {
      _dbus_verbose ("No pid pipe to write to\n");
    }

  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_verify_daemon_user (const char *user)
{
  DBusString u;

  _dbus_string_init_const (&u, user);

  return _dbus_get_user_id_and_primary_group (&u, NULL, NULL);
}


/* The HAVE_LIBAUDIT case lives in selinux.c */
#ifndef HAVE_LIBAUDIT

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_change_to_daemon_user  (const char    *user,
                              DBusError     *error)
{
  dbus_uid_t uid;
  dbus_gid_t gid;
  DBusString u;

  _dbus_string_init_const (&u, user);

  if (!_dbus_get_user_id_and_primary_group (&u, &uid, &gid))
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_FAILED,
                      "User '%s' does not appear to exist?",
                      user);
      return FALSE;
    }

  /* setgroups() only works if we are a privileged process,
   * so we don't return error on failure; the only possible
   * failure is that we don't have perms to do it.
   *
   * not sure this is right, maybe if setuid()
   * is going to work then setgroups() should also work.
   */
  if (setgroups (0, NULL) < 0)
    _dbus_warn ("Failed to drop supplementary groups: %s\n",
                _dbus_strerror (errno));

  /* Set GID first, or the setuid may remove our permission
   * to change the GID
   */
  if (setgid (gid) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to set GID to %lu: %s", gid,
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  if (setuid (uid) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to set UID to %lu: %s", uid,
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  return TRUE;
}
#endif /* !HAVE_LIBAUDIT */

#ifdef HAVE_SETRLIMIT

/* We assume that if we have setrlimit, we also have getrlimit and
 * struct rlimit.
 */

struct DBusRLimit {
    struct rlimit lim;
};

DBusRLimit *
_dbus_rlimit_save_fd_limit (DBusError *error)
{
  DBusRLimit *self;

  self = dbus_new0 (DBusRLimit, 1);

  if (self == NULL)
    {
      _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
      return NULL;
    }

  if (getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &self->lim) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to get fd limit: %s", _dbus_strerror (errno));
      dbus_free (self);
      return NULL;
    }

  return self;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_rlimit_raise_fd_limit_if_privileged (unsigned int  desired,
                                           DBusError    *error)
{
  struct rlimit lim;

  /* No point to doing this practically speaking
   * if we're not uid 0.  We expect the system
   * bus to use this before we change UID, and
   * the session bus takes the Linux default,
   * currently 1024 for cur and 4096 for max.
   */
  if (getuid () != 0)
    {
      /* not an error, we're probably the session bus */
      return TRUE;
    }

  if (getrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &lim) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to get fd limit: %s", _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  if (lim.rlim_cur == RLIM_INFINITY || lim.rlim_cur >= desired)
    {
      /* not an error, everything is fine */
      return TRUE;
    }

  /* Ignore "maximum limit", assume we have the "superuser"
   * privileges.  On Linux this is CAP_SYS_RESOURCE.
   */
  lim.rlim_cur = lim.rlim_max = desired;

  if (setrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &lim) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to set fd limit to %u: %s",
                      desired, _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  return TRUE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_rlimit_restore_fd_limit (DBusRLimit *saved,
                               DBusError  *error)
{
  if (setrlimit (RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved->lim) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to restore old fd limit: %s",
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  return TRUE;
}

#else /* !HAVE_SETRLIMIT */

static void
fd_limit_not_supported (DBusError *error)
{
  dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
                  "cannot change fd limit on this platform");
}

DBusRLimit *
_dbus_rlimit_save_fd_limit (DBusError *error)
{
  fd_limit_not_supported (error);
  return NULL;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_rlimit_raise_fd_limit_if_privileged (unsigned int  desired,
                                           DBusError    *error)
{
  fd_limit_not_supported (error);
  return FALSE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_rlimit_restore_fd_limit (DBusRLimit *saved,
                               DBusError  *error)
{
  fd_limit_not_supported (error);
  return FALSE;
}

#endif

void
_dbus_rlimit_free (DBusRLimit *lim)
{
  dbus_free (lim);
}

void
_dbus_init_system_log (void)
{
#if HAVE_DECL_LOG_PERROR
  openlog ("dbus", LOG_PID | LOG_PERROR, LOG_DAEMON);
#else
  openlog ("dbus", LOG_PID, LOG_DAEMON);
#endif
}

void
_dbus_system_log (DBusSystemLogSeverity severity, const char *msg, ...)
{
  va_list args;

  va_start (args, msg);

  _dbus_system_logv (severity, msg, args);

  va_end (args);
}

void
_dbus_system_logv (DBusSystemLogSeverity severity, const char *msg, va_list args)
{
  int flags;
  switch (severity)
    {
      case DBUS_SYSTEM_LOG_INFO:
        flags =  LOG_DAEMON | LOG_NOTICE;
        break;
      case DBUS_SYSTEM_LOG_SECURITY:
        flags = LOG_AUTH | LOG_NOTICE;
        break;
      case DBUS_SYSTEM_LOG_FATAL:
        flags = LOG_DAEMON|LOG_CRIT;
        break;
      default:
        return;
    }

#ifndef HAVE_DECL_LOG_PERROR
    {
      /* vsyslog() won't write to stderr, so we'd better do it */
      va_list tmp;

      DBUS_VA_COPY (tmp, args);
      fprintf (stderr, "dbus[" DBUS_PID_FORMAT "]: ", _dbus_getpid ());
      vfprintf (stderr, msg, tmp);
      fputc ('\n', stderr);
      va_end (tmp);
    }
#endif

  vsyslog (flags, msg, args);

  if (severity == DBUS_SYSTEM_LOG_FATAL)
    exit (1);
}

void
_dbus_set_signal_handler (int               sig,
                          DBusSignalHandler handler)
{
  struct sigaction act;
  sigset_t empty_mask;
  
  sigemptyset (&empty_mask);
  act.sa_handler = handler;
  act.sa_mask    = empty_mask;
  act.sa_flags   = 0;
  sigaction (sig,  &act, NULL);
}

dbus_bool_t 
_dbus_file_exists (const char *file)
{
  return (access (file, F_OK) == 0);
}

dbus_bool_t 
_dbus_user_at_console (const char *username,
                       DBusError  *error)
{

  DBusString u, f;
  dbus_bool_t result;

  result = FALSE;
  if (!_dbus_string_init (&f))
    {
      _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
      return FALSE;
    }

  if (!_dbus_string_append (&f, DBUS_CONSOLE_AUTH_DIR))
    {
      _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
      goto out;
    }

  _dbus_string_init_const (&u, username);

  if (!_dbus_concat_dir_and_file (&f, &u))
    {
      _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
      goto out;
    }

  result = _dbus_file_exists (_dbus_string_get_const_data (&f));

 out:
  _dbus_string_free (&f);

  return result;
}


dbus_bool_t
_dbus_path_is_absolute (const DBusString *filename)
{
  if (_dbus_string_get_length (filename) > 0)
    return _dbus_string_get_byte (filename, 0) == '/';
  else
    return FALSE;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_stat (const DBusString *filename,
            DBusStat         *statbuf,
            DBusError        *error)
{
  const char *filename_c;
  struct stat sb;

  _DBUS_ASSERT_ERROR_IS_CLEAR (error);
  
  filename_c = _dbus_string_get_const_data (filename);

  if (stat (filename_c, &sb) < 0)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "%s", _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return FALSE;
    }

  statbuf->mode = sb.st_mode;
  statbuf->nlink = sb.st_nlink;
  statbuf->uid = sb.st_uid;
  statbuf->gid = sb.st_gid;
  statbuf->size = sb.st_size;
  statbuf->atime = sb.st_atime;
  statbuf->mtime = sb.st_mtime;
  statbuf->ctime = sb.st_ctime;

  return TRUE;
}


struct DBusDirIter
{
  DIR *d; 
};

DBusDirIter*
_dbus_directory_open (const DBusString *filename,
                      DBusError        *error)
{
  DIR *d;
  DBusDirIter *iter;
  const char *filename_c;

  _DBUS_ASSERT_ERROR_IS_CLEAR (error);
  
  filename_c = _dbus_string_get_const_data (filename);

  d = opendir (filename_c);
  if (d == NULL)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to read directory \"%s\": %s",
                      filename_c,
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      return NULL;
    }
  iter = dbus_new0 (DBusDirIter, 1);
  if (iter == NULL)
    {
      closedir (d);
      dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY,
                      "Could not allocate memory for directory iterator");
      return NULL;
    }

  iter->d = d;

  return iter;
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_directory_get_next_file (DBusDirIter      *iter,
                               DBusString       *filename,
                               DBusError        *error)
{
  struct dirent *ent;
  int err;

  _DBUS_ASSERT_ERROR_IS_CLEAR (error);

 again:
  errno = 0;
  ent = readdir (iter->d);

  if (!ent)
    {
      err = errno;

      if (err != 0)
        dbus_set_error (error,
                        _dbus_error_from_errno (err),
                        "%s", _dbus_strerror (err));

      return FALSE;
    }
  else if (ent->d_name[0] == '.' &&
           (ent->d_name[1] == '\0' ||
            (ent->d_name[1] == '.' && ent->d_name[2] == '\0')))
    goto again;
  else
    {
      _dbus_string_set_length (filename, 0);
      if (!_dbus_string_append (filename, ent->d_name))
        {
          dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY,
                          "No memory to read directory entry");
          return FALSE;
        }
      else
        {
          return TRUE;
        }
    }
}

void
_dbus_directory_close (DBusDirIter *iter)
{
  closedir (iter->d);
  dbus_free (iter);
}

static dbus_bool_t
fill_user_info_from_group (struct group  *g,
                           DBusGroupInfo *info,
                           DBusError     *error)
{
  _dbus_assert (g->gr_name != NULL);
  
  info->gid = g->gr_gid;
  info->groupname = _dbus_strdup (g->gr_name);

  /* info->members = dbus_strdupv (g->gr_mem) */
  
  if (info->groupname == NULL)
    {
      dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY, NULL);
      return FALSE;
    }

  return TRUE;
}

static dbus_bool_t
fill_group_info (DBusGroupInfo    *info,
                 dbus_gid_t        gid,
                 const DBusString *groupname,
                 DBusError        *error)
{
  const char *group_c_str;

  _dbus_assert (groupname != NULL || gid != DBUS_GID_UNSET);
  _dbus_assert (groupname == NULL || gid == DBUS_GID_UNSET);

  if (groupname)
    group_c_str = _dbus_string_get_const_data (groupname);
  else
    group_c_str = NULL;
  
  /* For now assuming that the getgrnam() and getgrgid() flavors
   * always correspond to the pwnam flavors, if not we have
   * to add more configure checks.
   */
  
#if defined (HAVE_POSIX_GETPWNAM_R) || defined (HAVE_NONPOSIX_GETPWNAM_R)
  {
    struct group *g;
    int result;
    size_t buflen;
    char *buf;
    struct group g_str;
    dbus_bool_t b;

    /* retrieve maximum needed size for buf */
    buflen = sysconf (_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX);

    /* sysconf actually returns a long, but everything else expects size_t,
     * so just recast here.
     * https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17061
     */
    if ((long) buflen <= 0)
      buflen = 1024;

    result = -1;
    while (1)
      {
        buf = dbus_malloc (buflen);
        if (buf == NULL)
          {
            dbus_set_error (error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY, NULL);
            return FALSE;
          }

        g = NULL;
#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_GETPWNAM_R
        if (group_c_str)
          result = getgrnam_r (group_c_str, &g_str, buf, buflen,
                               &g);
        else
          result = getgrgid_r (gid, &g_str, buf, buflen,
                               &g);
#else
        g = getgrnam_r (group_c_str, &g_str, buf, buflen);
        result = 0;
#endif /* !HAVE_POSIX_GETPWNAM_R */
        /* Try a bigger buffer if ERANGE was returned:
           https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16727
        */
        if (result == ERANGE && buflen < 512 * 1024)
          {
            dbus_free (buf);
            buflen *= 2;
          }
        else
          {
            break;
          }
      }

    if (result == 0 && g == &g_str)
      {
        b = fill_user_info_from_group (g, info, error);
        dbus_free (buf);
        return b;
      }
    else
      {
        dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                        "Group %s unknown or failed to look it up\n",
                        group_c_str ? group_c_str : "???");
        dbus_free (buf);
        return FALSE;
      }
  }
#else /* ! HAVE_GETPWNAM_R */
  {
    /* I guess we're screwed on thread safety here */
    struct group *g;

    g = getgrnam (group_c_str);

    if (g != NULL)
      {
        return fill_user_info_from_group (g, info, error);
      }
    else
      {
        dbus_set_error (error, _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                        "Group %s unknown or failed to look it up\n",
                        group_c_str ? group_c_str : "???");
        return FALSE;
      }
  }
#endif  /* ! HAVE_GETPWNAM_R */
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_group_info_fill (DBusGroupInfo    *info,
                       const DBusString *groupname,
                       DBusError        *error)
{
  return fill_group_info (info, DBUS_GID_UNSET,
                          groupname, error);

}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_group_info_fill_gid (DBusGroupInfo *info,
                           dbus_gid_t     gid,
                           DBusError     *error)
{
  return fill_group_info (info, gid, NULL, error);
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_parse_unix_user_from_config (const DBusString  *username,
                                   dbus_uid_t        *uid_p)
{
  return _dbus_get_user_id (username, uid_p);

}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_parse_unix_group_from_config (const DBusString  *groupname,
                                    dbus_gid_t        *gid_p)
{
  return _dbus_get_group_id (groupname, gid_p);
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_unix_groups_from_uid (dbus_uid_t            uid,
                            dbus_gid_t          **group_ids,
                            int                  *n_group_ids)
{
  return _dbus_groups_from_uid (uid, group_ids, n_group_ids);
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_unix_user_is_at_console (dbus_uid_t         uid,
                               DBusError         *error)
{
  return _dbus_is_console_user (uid, error);

}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_unix_user_is_process_owner (dbus_uid_t uid)
{
  return uid == _dbus_geteuid ();
}

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_windows_user_is_process_owner (const char *windows_sid)
{
  return FALSE;
}
 /* End of DBusInternalsUtils functions */

dbus_bool_t
_dbus_string_get_dirname  (const DBusString *filename,
                           DBusString       *dirname)
{
  int sep;
  
  _dbus_assert (filename != dirname);
  _dbus_assert (filename != NULL);
  _dbus_assert (dirname != NULL);

  /* Ignore any separators on the end */
  sep = _dbus_string_get_length (filename);
  if (sep == 0)
    return _dbus_string_append (dirname, "."); /* empty string passed in */
    
  while (sep > 0 && _dbus_string_get_byte (filename, sep - 1) == '/')
    --sep;

  _dbus_assert (sep >= 0);
  
  if (sep == 0)
    return _dbus_string_append (dirname, "/");
  
  /* Now find the previous separator */
  _dbus_string_find_byte_backward (filename, sep, '/', &sep);
  if (sep < 0)
    return _dbus_string_append (dirname, ".");
  
  /* skip multiple separators */
  while (sep > 0 && _dbus_string_get_byte (filename, sep - 1) == '/')
    --sep;

  _dbus_assert (sep >= 0);
  
  if (sep == 0 &&
      _dbus_string_get_byte (filename, 0) == '/')
    return _dbus_string_append (dirname, "/");
  else
    return _dbus_string_copy_len (filename, 0, sep - 0,
                                  dirname, _dbus_string_get_length (dirname));
} /* DBusString stuff */

static void
string_squash_nonprintable (DBusString *str)
{
  unsigned char *buf;
  int i, len; 
  
  buf = _dbus_string_get_data (str);
  len = _dbus_string_get_length (str);
  
  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {
      unsigned char c = (unsigned char) buf[i];
      if (c == '\0')
        buf[i] = ' ';
      else if (c < 0x20 || c > 127)
        buf[i] = '?';
    }
}

dbus_bool_t 
_dbus_command_for_pid (unsigned long  pid,
                       DBusString    *str,
                       int            max_len,
                       DBusError     *error)
{
  /* This is all Linux-specific for now */
  DBusString path;
  DBusString cmdline;
  int fd;
  
  if (!_dbus_string_init (&path)) 
    {
      _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
      return FALSE;
    }
  
  if (!_dbus_string_init (&cmdline))
    {
      _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
      _dbus_string_free (&path);
      return FALSE;
    }
  
  if (!_dbus_string_append_printf (&path, "/proc/%ld/cmdline", pid))
    goto oom;
  
  fd = open (_dbus_string_get_const_data (&path), O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0) 
    {
      dbus_set_error (error,
                      _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to open \"%s\": %s",
                      _dbus_string_get_const_data (&path),
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));
      goto fail;
    }
  
  if (!_dbus_read (fd, &cmdline, max_len))
    {
      dbus_set_error (error,
                      _dbus_error_from_errno (errno),
                      "Failed to read from \"%s\": %s",
                      _dbus_string_get_const_data (&path),
                      _dbus_strerror (errno));      
      _dbus_close (fd, NULL);
      goto fail;
    }
  
  if (!_dbus_close (fd, error))
    goto fail;
  
  string_squash_nonprintable (&cmdline);  

  if (!_dbus_string_copy (&cmdline, 0, str, _dbus_string_get_length (str)))
    goto oom;

  _dbus_string_free (&cmdline);  
  _dbus_string_free (&path);
  return TRUE;
oom:
  _DBUS_SET_OOM (error);
fail:
  _dbus_string_free (&cmdline);
  _dbus_string_free (&path);
  return FALSE;
}